Citizenship During the Great War

At the onset of the First World War in 1914, England was experiencing a social transformation fueled by years of massive immigration from central Europe and changes prompted by industrial and technological developments. The availability of inexpensive immigrant labor and these developments produced a social environment that permitted a realignment of gender roles and the potential for a revolutionary shift in the role of women in British society.Nicoletta Gullace’s central premise is that there was an appetite for social change in prewar Britain and that cultural instability produced by the war allowed those social forces to coalesce, which Gullace details. Among these were the lingering humiliation resulting from scandals experienced during the Boer War of 1900, which left the British public with little desire to engage in further foreign conflict. The outbreak of the World War neutralized that bias, and horrific reports of German Army behavior reversed the sentiment.These re ports detailed the suffering endured in the populated areas of Belgium that were behind the German lines, creating an overwhelming sympathy for the victims of German abuse that transformed the British perception of the war role they needed to play. The War also produced new unprecedented internal social realities, including a million women going to work in British factories. British society was transformed by the ensuing changes and one of the least understood changes, according to Gullace, was the restructuring of the political and economic roles thereafter played by women.There were radical external forces affecting British society as well. Early in World War I, atrocity stories appeared accusing the Germans of inhumane brutality. These reports saturated the British media, fueled by alleged first hand accounts by private citizens, newspaper reports, novels, songs, and even official government investigations. The official Bryce Report concluded that the lurid tales of mutilations a nd sexual atrocities were in fact occurring. Bryce had relied upon media reports and their original sources as his primary source to reach his conclusions, which were discounted by later historians.Gullace refers to this â€Å"wartime imagery† as at once being â€Å"†¦sentimental and sexual, patriotic and pornographic, effective and subversive (p. 18). This imagery painted the German foes as, â€Å"One vast gang of Jack-the-Rippers,† guilty of sadism such as raping and mutilating naked women and bayoneting babies. Gullace illustrates the social influence of these stories as demonstrated by the 1915 play, â€Å"Rada,† which had a dramatic scene were the women of a household were being raped by German soldiers. A young daughter cries out, â€Å"Oh British! British come! Come quickly British! †Gullace also attributes the exaggerated atrocity stories to the media’s hunger to exploit public passions to sell newspapers, and the government’s compulsion to justify British involvement in another foreign war. Gullace describes the latter circumstance in terms of the pre-war British self-image. It had faltered during the 1900 Boer War when it was discovered that British soldiers had sexually abused imprisoned Boer women and the shame was still carried in the national conscience. Now, in 1914, Gullace posits, the atrocity stories permitted the British public to escape that stigma onto higher moral ground.Gullace also examines the cultural forces that produced the social phenomenon of British women asserting their patriotism at the expense of the men. It became fashionable and socially acceptable for British women to ostracize those men who they believed were avoiding their patriotic duty – which was to join the Army and fight. The sentiment received popular approval and was officially sanctioned. The â€Å"ideal† British man was characterized everywhere as â€Å"Tommy Adkins,† the popular term for a Brit ish soldier – who was brave, cheerful, and fair.Gullace cites this image as an outgrowth of the literary works of Rudyard Kipling during the Boer War, idealizing the British soldier. One poet characterized Tommy Adkins as the â€Å"†¦guardian of England’s honor, avenger of her dead, and protector of her children. † (p. 36) The image of Tommy Adkins seized the public’s fancy and deviation from soldierly and patriotic sacrifice was not tolerated. Gullace quotes one newspaper editor’s advice to a female reader who wanted to hold on to her man, as: â€Å"†¦there is much we can do at home.One of the things is to cheer our dear ones, – husbands, sweethearts, fathers, and brothers – and send them off to their calling with brave, noble hearts. † (p. 53) Perhaps the epitome of these passions can be best realized by The British Women’s Union appeal to its members to â€Å"GIVE YOUR SONS. † British women were in th e patriotic vanguard, something unique in British. history. The â€Å"White Feather Brigade† and â€Å"The Order of the White Feather† organized women to confront male shirkers and present them with the symbol of cowardice – the white feather.The white feather leagues didn’t last long, but they did presage the organization of feminists into what would emerge as the Suffragette Movement. One of Gullace’s central theses is that the role at home that women played in the war prepared and persuaded the British nation that women were due complete citizenship, and that meant Suffrage. Gullace describes this political acquisition as a â€Å"negotiated right,† and cites previous work by Susan Kingsley Kent, illustrating that until the revolutionary gender changes produced by the war, men and women had inhabited separate social spheres.Taking advantage of the war time opportunity, women had asserted themselves into a full share of patriotic responsibi lity, they would then subsequently leverage into an equal share of social power. Women’s rights to full citizenship aren’t conventionally linked to the events and consequences of World War I, but Nicoletta F. Gullace makes a persuasive and detailed case that the British ladies of that era successfully fought their own war that led directly to women's suffrage.

Web design and development practices

InroductionThe Web design and development patterns, the reappraisal of the wed design and what are the engineerings we are used and the besides the reappraisal about the effectual web site design patterns, and the is the good pattern. And here besides discuss the Security in the web site design in the E-commerce web sites. And besides include the what type of security mechanism are in the E-commerce web site. In the concluding portion develop an enlightening web site, and that website provide a speedy and easy entree to our recommendations.WEB PAGE DESIGN:Web page design is a procedure of conceptualisation, planning, modeling, and executing of electronic media content bringing via cyberspace in the signifier of engineerings such as grade up linguistic communication like hypertext markup language, xhtml, xml suitable for reading and show by a web browser or other web based graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . The purpose of web design is to make a web site ( a aggregation of electronic files shacking on one or more web waiters ) that presents content ( including synergistic characteristics or interfaces ) to the terminal user in the signifier of web pages one time requested. Such component as text, signifiers, and bitmapped images can be placed on the page utilizing HTML, XHTML and XML tickets. Exposing more complex media ( vector artworks, lifes, pictures, sounds ) normally required circuit boards such as flash, speedy clip, java run clip environment etc. Circuit boards besides embedded into web pages by utilizing HTML or XHTML tickets. Improvements in the assorted browsers ‘ conformity with W3C criterions prompted a widespread credence of XHTML and XML in concurrence with Cascading Style sheets ( CSS ) to place and manipulate web page elements. The latest criterions and proposals aim at taking to the assorted browsers ‘ ability to present a broad assortment of media and handiness options to Clint perchance without using Circuit boards.Typically web pages are classified as inactive or dynamic.* Static pages do n't alter content and layout with every petition a human manually updated the page. * Dynamic pages adapt their content and/or visual aspect depending on the terminal user ‘s input or interaction or alterations in calculating environment. Content can be changed on the client side by utilizing client side scripting linguistic communications ( JavaScript, JScript, Actionscript, media participants and PDF reader circuit boards, etc. ) to change DOM elements ( DHTML ) . Dynamic content is frequently compiled on the waiter utilizing server-side scripting linguistic communications ( PHP, ASP, Perl, Coldfusion, JSP, Python, etc. ) . Both attacks are normally used in complex applications.WEB SITE DESIGN:A web site is a aggregation of information about a peculiar subject or capable. Planing a web site is defined as the agreement and creative activity of web pages that in bend make up a web site. A web page consists of information for which the web site is developed. A web site might be compared to a book, where each page of the book is a web page. There are many facets ( design concerns ) in this procedure, and due to the rapid development of the Internet, new facets may emerge. For non-commercial web sites, the ends may change depending on the coveted exposure and response. For typical commercial web sites, the basic facets of design are: * The content: The substance and information on the site should be relevant to the site and should aim the country of the populace that the web site is concerned with. * The serviceability: the site should be user-friendly, with the interface and pilotage simple and dependable. * The visual aspect: the artworks and text should include a individual manner that flows throughout, to demo consistence. The manner should be professional, appealing and relevant. * The visibleness: the site must besides be easy to happen via most, if non all, major hunt engines and advertisement media. A web site typically consists of text and images. The first page of a web site is known as the Home page or Index. Some web sites use what is normally called a Splash Page. Splash pages might include a welcome message, linguistic communication or part choice, or disclaimer. Each web page within a web site is an HTML file which has its ain URL. After each web page is created, they are typically linked together utilizing a pilotage bill of fare composed of hyperlinks. Faster shoping velocities have led to shorter attending spans and more demanding online visitants and this has resulted in less usage of Splash Pages, peculiarly where commercial web sites are concerned. Once a web site is completed, it must be published or uploaded in order to be viewable to the populace over the cyberspace. This may be done utilizing an FTP client. Once published, the web maestro may utilize a assortment of techniques to increase the traffic, or hits, that the web site receives. This may include subjecting the web site to a searc engine such as Google or Yahoo, interchanging links with other web sites, making associations with similar web sites, etc. [ 1 ]These cardinal subjects needed for an effectual web design include:* Accessibility * User-centred design and serviceability * Internet selling planning and betterment procedure * Information architecture and findability * Search engine optimization ( SEO ) * Web criterions * Persuasion to present concern consequences * Web analytics A · Legal demandsPrinciples of Effective Web Design:There are 14 cardinal facets of web design execution which need to be managed for a successful undertaking. These are broken down into six parts which we have made available as separate subdivisions for easiness of mention. We have summarised the success factors in Success map for effectual web design.Here is an overview, a spirit of what we cover in the different subdivisions:Part 1: Scheme and Planning* Section 2. Internet selling planning and betterment procedure.To make a web site which delivers consequences for its proprietors is non merely about ocular design, itaˆYs non merely about serviceability or handiness or so about the development tools selected. An effectual site requires an in-depth apprehension of market place within which the web site operates. In peculiar, the context for an effectual client experience should be assessed as portion of client experience direction. To understand the market place and to tap int o it requires a sound Internet selling program. In this subdivision, we outline a structured procedure for developing an Internet selling scheme that aligns with an administrations online and offline market places. We besides give illustrations of how strategic ends translate into site designs.Part 2: User-centred design and serviceability* Section 3. User-centred web design procedure.User-centred design ( UCD ) is an established, proven attack to plan or run of merchandises. It has been embraced by web design and serviceability bureaus as a sound attack to presenting customer-centric web sites that deliver value for a concern. It should be a cardinal concern demand to name an bureau which has a sound UCD procedure and the right accomplishment set and experience to put to death it. In this subdivision we introduce the key techniques of UCD such as audience analysis, character development, serviceability and information architecture. We so cover these in more item later in the papers .* Section 4. Web serviceability.The ground why serviceability is critical to website design is obvious. Jakob Nielsen expresses it good in his â€Å" Usability 101 † when he says: â€Å" On the Web, serviceability is a necessary status for endurance. If a web site is hard to utilize, people leave. If the home page fails to clearly province what a company offers and what users can make on the site, people leave. If users get lost on a web site, they leave. If a web site ‘s information is difficult to read or does n't reply users ‘ cardinal inquiries, they leave. Note a form here? † The deduction is that many will ne'er return either. In this subdivision, we examine the principle for serviceability and best attacks for different serviceability techniques including adept reappraisals, questionnaires, interviews, serviceability testing and focal point groups.Part 3: Handiness and Web criterions* Section 5. Web handiness.â€Å" For me being on-line is everything. It ‘s my high-fidelity, it ‘s my beginning of income, it ‘s my supermarket, it ‘s my telephone. It ‘s my manner in. † Lynn Holdsworth, screen reader user, Web Developer and Programmer. ( Beginning: RNIB ) This quotation mark shows the importance of web handiness to a visually impaired user of a web site who uses a screen-reader which reads out the pilotage options and content on a web site. In this subdivision, we review the benefits of implementing handiness and web criterions, different demands for handiness and summarize the topographic points you can travel to happen the latest criterions and tools for measuring the h andiness of your sitesPart 4: Information Architecture* Section 6. Information architecture.â€Å" It is of import to recognize that every information system, be it a book or an intranet, has an information architecture. `Well developed ‘ is the key here, as most sites do n't hold a planned information architecture at all. They are correspondent to edifices that were n't architected in progress. Design determinations reflect the personal prejudices of interior decorators, the infinite does n't scale over clip, engineerings drive the design and non the other manner around. † Rosenfeld and Morville ( 2002 ) Information architecture tends to play the function of the ugly half sister at the Web Design Ball – itaˆYs non sexy for many gustatory sensations. But merely how of import is information architecture ( IA ) ? Where does it come on the list of precedences for a new site design? Is it more of import or less of import than each of serviceability, handiness and persuasion? Most would reason that it is less of import, but we believe the value of information architecture is under-estimated. As the quotation mark suggests, without a sound foundation provided by effectual information architecture a site is likely to be less useable, accessible and less persuasive. In this subdivision, we review structured techniques for making an information architecture including information seeking behavior analysis ; content analysis and papers metadata, card-sorting and controlled vocabularies.* Section 7. Ocular Design.With such a focal point on serviceability, handiness and persuasion in results-led website design, the function of the visuals within a site can be underestimated compared to the more functional facets of website design. But the ocular design surely does hold a major influence on the experience as perceived by visitants and interior decorators surely spend a batch of purpose on the ocular design. In this subdivision, we explore different f acets of acquiring the visuals right including site personality, usage of coloring material, images, typography and page templets and layout.* Section 8. Findability Best Practice Principles.Many web users sing many sites are directed information searchers who are looking for something specific – a peculiar merchandise or peculiar content. And they want to happen it fast. So a cardinal demand of all sites is to do it easy for the site visitant to happen the content – to rapidly link them with what they are looking for. Usability and handiness donaˆYt rather emphasise the importance of this, so we need a new aˆzilityaˆY . Findability. We like this word it emphasises the importance of concentrating on pilotage, on-site hunt and papers metadata within a design undertaking. In this subdivision of the usher, we will take an in-depth expression at maximizing findability on your site through redesigning or polishing your pilotage and hunt maps.* Section 9. Search Engine Optimisation ( SEO ) Best Practice PrinciplesSearch engine optimization ( SEO ) should be built into your program for a new or refined site from the beginning. Amongst interior decorators, there is a argument about how proactive they should be in accomplishing SEO. Some believe that SEO occurs of course with a good quality of criterions based coding. We disagree. Our position is that for commercial sites, it is indispensable to be proactive to derive the best consequences in a competitory market. Good places wonaˆYt go on by accident. SEO should be at the nucleus of all site developments. In this subdivision, we introduce the cardinal practical elements of SEO for interior decorators which determine a websiteaˆYs ranking place.Part 5: Persuasive Design, copywriting and web analytics* Section 10. Persuasive design & A ; copywriting.Persuasive design is possibly talked about less than the other techniques we have covered in this usher such as serviceability and handines s. But in our position, it is every bit of import. Sites which are reviewed, built and monitored through a persuasion attack will probably give better consequences than those where serviceability or handiness is to the bow. In this subdivision, we will exemplify Persuasive Design techniques for different page types and SEO Best Practice by analyzing Econsultancy.com, so demoing some of the aˆzsecrets of our successaˆY . We besides review other sites.* Section 11. Using web analytics to better website design effectivityAlthough â€Å" web analytics † is the formal name for the procedure and tools used to analyze and better the selling effectivity of web sites, many sellers and interior decorators, know it merely as aˆzwebsite statisticsaˆY . Many ab initio view these statistics on a par with pigment drying after seeing the 100 pages of monthly site statistics provided by IT, but if so, they are likely in the incorrect occupation. Consequently, in many companies where the web site is non core to concern activity, these site stats are ignored. But successful e-marketers make the attempt to understand the different studies and so inquire the right inquiries to understand cause, consequence and redress or chance. In this subdivision we introduce different types of web analytics tools and highlight the most utile studies to reexamine in your web analytics system to better website consequences.Part 6: Execution and direction* Section 12. Technical site demands.A site will neglect if it fails to present satisfactory experiences for its visitants. This is non merely down to the factors we have reviewed such as content, serviceability and handiness, but besides dependant on the substructure including hosting, waiters, content direction systems. Speed and handiness are still of import in the broadband universe. In this subdivision, we give arrows on how you can measure and better the public presentation of your web site.* Section 13. The Law â€⠀œ is your site lawfully compliant?Many Torahs have been enacted in many states to command e-communications and e-commerce and to protect the consumer. Website proprietors are capable to these and it is typically managers within a company who are apt, so it is of import to look into your site is compliant. Reputational harm may be greater than the fiscal effects of interrupting the jurisprudence. These Torahs are invariably being refined and new trial instances in the tribunals help clear up the conformity required. While we canaˆYt hope to take you through all the Torahs, and arenaˆYt qualified to make so you should confer with a attorney. In this subdivision, we can explicate the chief types of Torahs to which the proprietors of web sites are capable and point you in the right way for elaborate, up-to-date counsel.* Section 14. Choosing bureaus to back up web design.We have seen that results-led web design is dependent on many success factors. This makes happening the best bureaus for you is disputing. In this subdivision, we look at some of the types of bureaus and issues to see and we give a briefing checklist of issues to see. [ 2 ]Principles OF EFFECTIVE WEB DESIGN:1. Do n't do users believeHarmonizing to Krug ‘s first jurisprudence of serviceability, the web-page should be obvious and self-explanatory. When you ‘re making a site, your occupation is to acquire rid of the inquiry Markss. The determinations users need to do consciously, sing pros, cons and options. If the pilotage and site architecture are n't intuitive, the figure of inquiry Markss grows and makes it harder for users to grok how the system works and how to acquire from point A to point B. A clear construction, moderate ocular hints and easy recognizable links can assist users to happen their way to their purpose.2. Do n't waste users ‘ forbearanceIn every undertaking when you are traveling to offer your visitants some service or tool, seek to maintain your user demands minimum. The less action is required from users to prove a service, the more likely a random visitant is to really seek it out. First-time visitants are willing to play with the service, non make fulling long web signifiers for an history they might ne'er utilize in the hereafter. Let users research the site and detect your services without coercing them into sharing private informations. It ‘s non sensible to coerce users to come in an electronic mail reference to prove the characteristic. As Ryan Singer, The developer of the 37Signals squad provinces, users would likely be eager to supply an electronic mail reference if they were asked for it after they ‘d seen the characteristic work, so they had some thought of what they were traveling to acquire in return.3. Manage to concentrate users ‘ attending:As web-sites provide both inactive and dynamic content, some facets of the user interface pull attending more than others do. Obviously, images are more attention-getting than the text merely as the sentences marked as bold are more attractive than apparent text. The human oculus is a extremely non-linear device, and web-users can immediately acknowledge borders, forms and gestures. This is why video-based advertizements are highly bothersome and distracting, but from the marketing position they absolutely do the occupation of capturing users ‘ attending.4. Strive for characteristic exposure:Modern web designs are normally criticized due to their attack of steering users with visually appealing 1-2-3-done-steps, big buttons with ocular effects etc. But from the design position these elements really are n't a bad thing. On the contrary, such guidelines are highly effectual as they lead the visitants through the site content in a really simple and user-friendly manner.5. Make usage of effectual authorship:As the Web is different from print, it ‘s necessary to set the authorship manner to users ‘ penchants and shoping wonts. Promotional authorship wo n't be read. Long text blocks without images and keywords marked in bold or it alics will be skipped. Exaggerated linguistic communication will be ignored. Talk concern. Avoid cute or clever names, selling induced names, company-specific names, and unfamiliar proficient names. For case, if you describe a service and want users to make an history, â€Å" mark up † is better than â€Å" get down now! † which is once more better than â€Å" research our services † .An optimum solution for effectual authorship is to* usage short and concise phrases ( come to the point every bit rapidly as possible ) , * usage scannable layout ( categorise the content, use multiple header degrees, use ocular elements and bulleted lists which break the flow of unvarying text blocks ) , * usage field and nonsubjective linguistic communication ( a publicity does n't necessitate to sound like advertizement ; give your users some sensible and nonsubjective ground why they should utilize your service or remain on your web-site ) .6. Strive for simpleness:The â€Å" maintain it simple † rule ( KIS ) should be the primary end of site design. Users are seldom on a site to bask the design ; moreover, in most instances they are looking for the information despite the design. Strive for simpleness alternatively of complexness7. Do n't be afraid of the white infinite:Actually it ‘s truly difficult to overrate the importance of white infinite. Not merely does it assist to cut down the cognitive burden for the visitants, but it makes it possible to comprehend the information presented on the screen. When a new visitant approaches a design layout, the first thing he/she attempts to make is to scan the page and split the content country into digestible pieces of infor mation. Complex constructions are harder to read, scan, analyze and work with. If you have the pick between dividing two design sections by a seeable line or by some whitespace, it ‘s normally better to utilize the whitespace solution. Hierarchical constructions cut down complexness ( Simon ‘s Law ) : the better you manage to supply users with a sense of ocular hierarchy, the easier your content will be to comprehend.8. Communicate efficaciously with a â€Å" seeable linguistic communication † :In his documents on effectual ocular communicating, Aaron Marcus provinces three cardinal rules involved in the usage of the alleged â€Å" seeable linguistic communication † the content users see on a screen. * Organize: supply the user with a clear and consistent conceptual construction. Consistency, screen layout, relationships and navigability are of import constructs of organisation. The same conventions and regulations should be applied to all elements. * Economize: do the most with the least sum of cues and ocular elements. Four major points to be considered: simpleness, lucidity, peculiarity, and accent. Simplicity includes merely the elements that are most of import for communicating. Clarity: all constituents should be designed so their significance is non equivocal. Peculiarity: the of import belongingss of the necessary elements should be distinguishable. Emphasis: the most of import elements should be easy perceived. * Communicate: fit the presentation to the capablenesss of the user. The user interface must maintain in balance discernability, readability, typography, symbolism, multiple positions, and colour or texture in order to pass on successfully. Use soap. 3 fonts in a upper limit of 3 point sizes a upper limit of 18 words or 50-80 characters per line of text.9. Conventions are our friends:Conventional design of site elements does n't ensue in a deadening web site. In fact, conventions are really utile as they cut down the acquisition curve, the demand to calculate out how things work. For case, it would be a serviceability incubus if all web-sites had different ocular presentation of RSS-feeds. That ‘s non that different from our regular life where we tend to acquire used to basic rules of how we organize informations ( booklets ) or do shopping ( arrangement of merchandises ) . With conventions you can derive users ‘ assurance, trust, and dependability and turn out your credibleness. Follow users ‘ outlooks – understand what they ‘re anticipating from a site pilotage, text construction, hunt arrangement etc.10. Test early, trial frequently:This alleged TETO-principle should be applied to every web design undertaking as serviceability trials frequently provide important penetrations into important jobs and issues related to a given layout. Test non excessively tardily, non excessively small and non for the incorrect grounds. In the latter instance it ‘s necessary to understand that most design determinations are local ; that means that you ca n't universally reply whether some layout is better than the other one as you need to analyse it from a really specific point of position ( sing demands, stakeholders, budget etc. ) .Some of import points to maintain in head:* Harmonizing to Steve Krug, proving one user is 100 % better than proving none and proving one user early in the undertaking is better than proving 50 near the terminal. Harmonizing to Boehm ‘s first jurisprudence, mistakes are most frequent during demands and design activities and are the more expensive the later they are removed. * Testing is an iterative procedure. That means that you design something, trial it, fix it and so prove it once more. There might be jobs which have n't been found during the first unit of ammunition as users were practically blocked by other jobs. * serviceability trials ever produce utile consequences. Either you ‘ll be pointed to the jobs you have or you ‘ll be pointed to the absence of major design defect which is in both instances a utile penetration for your undertaking. * harmonizing to Weinberg ‘s jurisprudence, a developer is unsuited to prove his or her codification. This holds for interior decorators every bit good. After you ‘ve worked on a site for few hebdomads, you ca n't detect it from a fresh position any longer. You know how it is built and hence you know precisely how it works – you have the wisdom independent examiners and visitants of your site would n't hold. [ 4 ]2. Web Design Security:Introduction:The Web is one of the most radical engineerings that changes the concern environment and has a dramatic impact on the hereafter of electronic commercialism ( EC ) . The hereafter of EC will speed up the displacement of the power toward the consumer, which will take to cardinal alterations in the manner companies relate to their clients and vie with one another ( Slywotzky, 2000 ) .The huge popularity of the Internet indecent old ages has been fuelled mostly by the chance of executing concern on-line. More and more compan ies set up their ain corporate LANs by Intranet, use Extranet and Internet to work collaboratively with their clients, providers, and spouses. The Internet can convey down physical barriers to commerce, about instantly giving even the smallest concern entree to untapped markets around the universe. At the same clip, consumers can carry on concern and do purchases from companies antecedently unavailable to them. Furthermore, companies are able to put marketing stuff on Internet waiters runing from simple advertisement to comprehensive practical booklets. In today ‘s planetary market place, fast dependable information is a necessity for most companies to achieve some sort of competitory advantage. For range 1000000s of users on the Internet 24 hours a twenty-four hours. Electronic commercialism is defined as purchasing and merchandising of merchandise, services or information via computing machine webs, chiefly the Internet. As the fastest turning aspect of the Internet and other information engineerings, EC offers functionality and new ways of making concern that no company can afford to disregard. The footing for trav eling to an electronic commercialism is a belief that electronic markets have the possible to be more efficient in developing new formation-based goods and services, Finding planetary clients and merchandising spouses to carry on concern. Electronic commercialism via the Internet or the following coevals Internet Protocol, IPv6, will alter concern establishments, operations and products/services as we know today, merely as the telephone, Television, facsimile, and e-mail changed the manner concerns and consumers Communicate. Electronic commercialism has become really popular because of the benefits and the convenience it brings along. As shown in Table I, the benefits include merchandise publicity, cost economy, timely information, shortened remittal clip, information consistence, better client service, better client relationship, customization of merchandises, competitory advantages, and convenience of making concern.Security tips for website design:Define and measure the security hazards:Specify what the security demands are, how information is classified, a security policy, how the policy will be monitored and who is responsible. List everything that is used, interacted with or altered by the web site. Classify the informations based on sensitiveness and the consequence unauthorized alteration, release or loss would hold on your concern. This will help make up one's minding where the most attempt should be placed in protection. For really simple systems with no sensitive informations, merely insist on some standard security baselines for the undertaking. If the web site or web application is more complex or includes sensitive informations, see making a menace theoretical account and place the menaces and possible exposures. The analysis will help development of the web site ‘s demands and is really utile to the development squad.Take a holistic position:Information security is non merely about forestalling larceny or harm. It besides includes guaranti ng your web site is available, is fast adequate, following with legal and regulative demands, supplying accurate information, forestalling release of confidential information to unauthorized users protecting your concern informations and rational belongings from mis-use or loss, inappropriate usage, protecting your users, guaranting concern continuity and supplying the ability to analyze and larn from incidents. Balance the degree of security with easiness of usage and cost restraints.Do n't swear anyone else ‘s informations ( or your ain ) :Your web site will hold input from users, but besides from other beginnings such as intelligence provenders, other purchased informations and the back-office systems of your ain administration and possibly of spouses. All this information should be validated on input and on end product to protect users and systems.Enforce reappraisal and blessing at each milestone:By set abouting a reappraisal of security into the undertaking ‘s mile stones and formal blessing, security becomes built into the development procedure and security issues can be tackled every bit shortly as possible. The earlier security is thought approximately, the cheaper it is to extenuate hazards. Build alteration control methodological analysis into the design procedure.Help the development squad codification firmly:Good development patterns should guarantee that the development squad are working to a consistent model and that developers produce high quality codification. Software will ever incorporate mistakes, but with preparation, usage of development criterions and guidelines, security hazards can be minimised. Ensure that you provide adequate clip to develop the web site or web application firmly – non merely accomplish the functionality demands.Integrate security into the proving programme:All undertakings must include structured testing. The menace theoretical account ( see No 4 above ) can be used to assist make test scenarios. S ecurity proving involves look intoing what is non allowed every bit good as the intended functionality. This requires a alteration in mentality for conventional examiners.Deploy the web site firmly:Development, trial and unrecorded environments may be configured otherwise and many security issues can originate because of this. The direction of the apparatus and launch of the website demands to be undertaken in a controlled and defined manner to guarantee all the security controls are in topographic point and extra exposures are non created. Document the constellation and any future changes.Include security in every contract and service degree understanding:Specify what security protection you need from your providers, spouses and sub-contractors. Use the same processes to measure their security as you would your ain. Identify what security monitoring you require and how security breaches will be detected and disclosed Consider catastrophe recovery ( and concern continuity ) : See what might do loss of handiness of the web site and place the likeliness of happening and the consequence on the concern. Examine whether actions should be taken to extinguish, cut down, insure or accept the hazards. [ 5 ]The benefits of electronic commercialism:Merchandise publicity: Through a direct, information-rich and synergistic contact with clients, EC enhances the publicity of merchandises. Electronic medium besides allows interactivity and customization for advertisement content, based on the client profile or input. EC therefore offers an chance for new publicity schemes, heightening the stigmatization of merchandises. Cost economy: By utilizing a public shared substructure such as the Internet and digitally conveying and recycling information, EC systems lower the cost of presenting information to clients, including forces, phone, postage, and printing costs. Timely information: Due to their instantaneous nature, EC systems allow a decrease of the rhythm clip required to bring forth and present information and services. Shortened remittal clip: With electronic financess transfer ( EFT ) , clients send their remittals electronically to the company ‘s bank. This agreement eliminates the clip hold associated with the remittal in the mail system Information consistence: EC ensures the consistence and truth of information through sharing of information and usage of electronic signifiers for making concern. Better client service: The ability to supply online replies to jobs through declaration ushers, archives of normally encountered jobs and electronic mail interaction 24 hours a twenty-four hours, 365 yearss a twelvemonth, builds client assurance and keeping. Better client relationship: EC enables the larning about clients due to its ability to enter every event in which a client asks for information about a merchandise, buys one, requests client service, etc. Through these interactions, the demands of the client are identified and will feed future selling attempts. Customization of merchandises: The information-based nature of the EC procedures allows for new merchandises to be Created or bing merchandises to be customized based on clients ‘ exact demands. Competitive advantages: EC enables a company to accomplish competitory advantages of: cost salvaging based on Reduced advertising/promotion costs ; merchandise distinction by custom-making Merchandises and timely response to market ; client focal point through better client Relationships and better client services. Convenience of making concern: There is no bound on clip and location to carry on a concern with related parties. The information delivered to makers, providers and warehouses is about existent clip.E-commerce Web site design theoretical accounts:There is no uncertainty that many Web design theoretical accounts exist on the Internet and new theoretical accounts are increasing efficiently. EC is non merely about making concern over the Internet, it is about altering the manner companies do concern. It is about making new concern theoretical accounts while transforming traditional 1s. After sing many Web sites, a sum of 12 Web site design theoretical accounts for EC were found, the first four theoretical accounts that related to the informational/communicational design are: 1. Brand consciousness and image edifice theoretical account ; 2. cost salvaging theoretical account ; 3. Promotion theoretical account ; and 4.info-mediary theoretical accountBrand consciousness and image edificeModel:Web sites that use this theoretical account provide detailed, rational information about the house and its offerings. They may besides function as a signal to current and prospective clients and rivals that the house is on the film editing border. The theoretical account reaches motivated clients with an information/image-rich communications message. Because the entry barriers are so low, smaller houses can put up this sort of site as good or in some instances even better than larger houses. Examples of the trade name consciousness and image edifice theoretical account include: * Ford ( www.ford.com ) non merely lists all the theoretical accounts of its seven celebrated automotive trade names, but besides posts its environmental policy, cleaner fabrication, community engagement, and corporate citizenship study. * Reebok ( www.reebok.com ) lets visitants read about athleticss and fittingness, hear from Reebok-sponsored jocks, and larn about Reebok ‘s human-rights activities, among other things.Cost salvaging theoretical account:Salvaging from commercial activity on the Web includes cost-efficient nest eggs and productiveness nest eggs. By straight run intoing information demands, a Web site can be extremely cost-efficient. Many companies now use their Web site to back up the ownership stage of the client service life rhythm. Productivity nest eggs arise from decrease in order and processing costs and more efficient stock list direction. Cost nest eggs result through decreased booklet printing and distribution costs and decreases in order-taking as clients use fill-out signifiers to fix their ain orders. As control is efficaciously transferred to the client, client satisfaction might really be increased.Examples of the cost salvaging theoretical account include:* Microsoft ( www.microso ft.com ) provides voluminous support stuff, unrecorded sound broadcasts of Microsoft conferences, merchandise user groups, and free download of the spot and auxiliary plans. * FedEx ( www.fedex.com ) has a Web-based package tracking service. The Web site saves at least 100,000 shipment tracking petitions a twenty-four hours. The nest eggs from cut downing the figure of employees in replying standard client enquiries are enormous.Promotion theoretical account:The publicity theoretical account represents a alone signifier of advertisement that attracts a possible client to a site. The aim is to pull the user to the commercial site behind it. In many instances, Web sites provide free gifts to acquire users ‘ attending. The gifts typically include digitized stuff such as package, exposure, music, and consumer studies.Examples of the publicity theoretical account include:* Auto-By-Tel ( www.autobytel.com ) offers a comprehensive consumer study for all major makers. It attracts consumers to see the site to read the study and compare the monetary value. The Web site produces important gross revenues for local auto traders. * Kodak ( www.kodak.com ) provides proficient aid and tutorials for its digital cameras and offers a library of colourful, high-quality digital images that are downloadable.Info-mediary theoretical accountAn info-mediary may offer users free Internet entree or free hardware in exchange for elaborate information about their surfboarding and buying wonts. This is more likely to win than the pure publicity theoretical account. Datas about consumers and their purchasing wonts are highly valuable. Particularly when that Information is carefully analyzed and used to aim selling runs. Some houses are able to work as info-mediaries by roll uping and selling information to other concerns. The theoretical account can besides work in the other way: supplying consumers with utile information about the Web sites in a market section that compete for their dollar.Examples of the info-mediary theoretical account include:* Audio Review ( www.AudioReview.com ) is a site that allows users to interchange information with each other about the quality of merchandises and services A ± or the Sellerss with whom they have had a good/ bad purchase experience. Other sites take the construct a measure farther by incorporating an intelligent agent into a Web browser.Such agents monitor a user ‘s wonts, thereby increasing the relevancy of its recommendations to the user ‘s demands A ± and the value of the informations to the aggregator. * New York Times ( www.NYTimes.com ) , a content-based site, is free to see but requires users merely to register ( other information may or may non be collected ) . Registration allows inter-session trailing of users ‘ site use forms and thereby generates informations of greater possible value in targeted advertisement runs. This is the most basic signifier of info-mediary theoretical account. [ 6 ]Decision:In the web design and development pattern, the concluding reappraisal as Tell that the good web design pattern and the bad design pattern in the good and bad design pattern the design of the web site as the depends on the manner that the web site was the developed and the which engineerings are used for that development of the web site. In that we eventually concluded that the website good and the bad as depended on which engineering as used for developing of the wed page.Mentions:[ 1 ] .http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Design [ 2 ] . hypertext transfer protocol: //econsultancy.com/reports/web-design-best-practice-guide [ 3 ] . hypertext transfer protocol: //econsultancy.com/reports/web-design-best-practice-guide-figure [ 4 ] .http: //www.smashingmagazine.com/2008/01/31/10-principles-of-effective-web-design/ [ 5 ] .http: //www.watsonhall.com/methodology/top10s.pl. [ 6 ] .http: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? Filename=/published/emeraldfulltextarticle/pdf/0460090101.pd3. Website Development1. Main.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: ruddy } h1 { background-color: white } h2 { background-color: white } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 class= † font3 † & gt ; & lt ; a href= † home.html † & gt ; Home & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † gallery.html † & gt ; Histroy & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † players.html † & gt ; Players & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † photos.html † & gt ; Gallery & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † Contact.html † & gt ; Contact Us & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † Q & A ; A.html † & gt ; Q & A ; A & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; img src= † liverpool.jpg † , width=95 % , height=1 % & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;2. Home.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: ruddy } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: transparent } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; img src= † liverpool.jpg † , width=33 % , height=10 % & gt ; & lt ; img src= † 1.jpg † , width=33 % , height=10 % & gt ; & lt ; img src= † 2.jpg † , width=33 % , height=10 % & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; Home & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; h2 & gt ; History of Liverpool F.C & lt ; /h2 & gt ; & lt ; p & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; If it was n't for one adult male, Liverpool Football Club would ne'er hold been born. When Everton left Anfield in a difference over rent in 1892, nine president John Houlding stayed behind along with a smattering of protagonists and merely three first-team participants. But he was determined to see football continue at the land. He formed a new nine from abrasion, chose the name Liverpool†¦ and created a fable. Even John Houlding could n't hold predicted how successful it would go. More than 100 old ages on, no English nine can fit the LiverpoolFC axial rotation of honor ; League Champions 18 times, FA Cup victors seven times, League Cup victors seven times, European Cup victors five times and UEFA Cup victors three times. When it is completed, the History channel will chart the rise and rise of Liverpool FC to the really acme of the England game, from the battles of the early old ages right up to Gerard Houllier ‘s historic soprano in 2001. This channel will remember glorious domestic triumphs and European victory and reflect on the calamities of Heysel and Hillsborough. We ‘ve focused on 10 cardinal day of the months in Liverpool Football Club ‘s history to get down with but over clip, we ‘ll hold over 100 chapters in this subdivision entirely as we present the ultimate history of England ‘s greatest of all time football nine. This is a narrative of unbelievable passion and plume – a narrative that non merely inspires Liverpool fans but football protagonists the universe over. & lt ; /p & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;3. Gallery.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; L.F.C HISTORY & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; ul type= † phonograph record † & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 1892 – Liverpool Football Club formed & lt ; /li & gt ; : The history of Liverpool Football Club begins with our greatest challengers and neighbors, Everton, for it was from a difference with Everton that Liverpool Football Club was born. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 1959 – Shankly appointed director & lt ; /li & gt ; : December 1st 1959 is a day of the month that will everlastingly be etched in the annals of Anfield history. For it was on this twenty-four hours that Liverpool Football Club announced Huddersfield Town foreman Bill Shankly would be their new director in sequence to Phil Taylor. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 1965 – Wining the FA Cup for first clip & lt ; /li & gt ; : There was a feeling of quiet optimism around Anfield that this could, at last, be Liverpool ‘s twelvemonth in the competition we so urgently desired success in. After all, we were the reigning conference title-holders and, under Bill Shankly, anything seemed possible. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 1977 – European Champions & lt ; /li & gt ; : If winning the FA Cup for the first clip in 1965 is regarded as the greatest twenty-four hours in the history of Liverpool Football Club, so there is no uncertainty that winning the European Cup for the first clip in 1977 was the greatest dark. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 2001 – Clinching the cup soprano & lt ; /li & gt ; : Merely four yearss after dramatically snaping the FA Cup from Arsenal ‘s appreciation in Cardiff, and with the Worthington Cup already safely tucked away in the Anfield trophy cabinet, Liverpool ‘s category of 2001 completed an unprecedented cup soprano. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 2005 – Champions League Winners 2005 & lt ; /li & gt ; : On what will travel down every bit THE most unbelievable dark in this nine ‘s celebrated history Liverpool reclaimed their Crown as Kings of Europe after miraculously get the better ofing a 3-0 half-time shortage to get the better of AC Milan at the Ataturk Stadium in Istanbul. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 2006 – FA CUP WINNERS 2006 & lt ; /li & gt ; : The 2006 FA Cup Final will be remembered in Anfield folklore as the Gerrard concluding as captain antic Steven Gerrard rescued Liverpool with a arresting last minute equalizer to interrupt West Ham ‘s Black Marias and force extra-time†¦ & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;4. Players.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; TEAM SQUAD & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; h4 & gt ; Liverpool FC Squad – 2008-2009: & lt ; /h4 & gt ; & lt ; ol & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Diego Cavalieri & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Andrea Dossena & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Sami Hyypia & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Daniel Agger & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Robbie Keane & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Steven Gerrard & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Andriy Voronin & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Albert Riera & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Fabio Aurelio & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Xabi Alonso & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Yossi Benayoun & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Jermaine Pennant & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Alvaro Arbeloa & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Dirk Kuyt Louise & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Ryan Babel Victor & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Javier Mascherano & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Lucas Leiva Felix & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Emiliano Insua & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Jamie Carragher & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; David Ngog & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Pepe Reina & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; BR & gt ; & lt ; BR & gt ; & lt ; h4 & gt ; Liverpool FC Staff & lt ; /h4 & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; table border= † 1 † & gt ; & lt ; tr & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Manager & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Assistant Manager & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Reserve Team Manage & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; First-team Coach & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Fitness Coach & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; /tr & gt ; & lt ; tr & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Rafael Benitez & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Sammy Lee & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Gary Ablett & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Mauricio Pellegrino & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Paco De Miguel & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; /tr & gt ; & lt ; /table & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;5. Photos.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; Gallery & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; h4 { colour: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; dl & gt ; & lt ; ul & gt ; & lt ; dt & gt ; & lt ; h4 & gt ; GALLERY & lt ; h4 & gt ; & lt ; /dt & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; dd & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; a href= † 22.html † & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; PLAYERS GALLERY & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; BR & gt ; & lt ; BR & gt ; & lt ; /dd & gt ; & lt ; dd & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; a href= † 21.html † & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; L.F.C GALLERY & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; /dd & gt ; & lt ; /ul & gt ; & lt ; /dl & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ;6. Contact.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; Contact us & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; CONTACT US BY PHONE: & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; CONTACT US BY EMAIL: & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;7. Q & A ; A.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; Q & A ; A & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; ol & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; Q: History of the L.F.C? & lt ; /h3 & gt ; Answer: – & lt ; a href= † gallery.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; Q: Players list of L.F.C? & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; /h3 & gt ; Answer: – & lt ; a href= † players.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; Q: L.F.C contact Details? & lt ; /h3 & gt ; Answer: – & lt ; a href= † contact.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;DESCRIPTION OF WEBSITE:In the developed web site there are seven html files are at that place, each hypertext markup language file as the inter linked with each of the file. The seven hypertext markup language files are main.html, home.html, gallery.html, photos.html, players.html, contact.html, Q & A ; A.html.Main.html:The main.html is the chief page of the web site in this page, this page as the linked with the all pages of the web site, this page as the displayed as the background of the L.F.C exposure. In this page I implemented the CSS.Home.Html:The home.html as the place page of the web site the in this page we the headers and the Para of the texts as the about the L.F.C.And besides in this page displayed the three images as the left foreigner and centralised and right aligned as the used.Gallery.html:The gallery.html as the content of the gallery of the L.F.C. in this page we i implemented the bulleted list for the points.Player.html:In this palyers.html I i mplemented the a numbered list and the besides the implemented the two tabular arraies as used the name of the squad of L.F.C.Photes.html:The photos.html as the usage exposure of the participants and the L.F.C bowl, in this page I implemented the the inter connexion of the pages and the besides the define list as the used in this page.Contact.html:The contact.html as the usage the contact list of the L.F.C, in this one implement the electronic mail Idaho that can be used for the direct contact of the electronic mail.Q & A ; A.html:The Q & A ; A.html as the usage the inquiry reply of the developed web site. In this page I implementeted the ground tackle links as the replies.

The cost of racial profiling on our future Research Proposal

The cost of racial profiling on our future - Research Proposal Example The paper throws light on racial profiling as what occurs when a member of law enforcement or society uses a person’s ethnic or racial heritage as a means of deciding their guilt in regards to criminal activity. Profiling is used in other areas as well, for instance major corporations use profiling techniques to market products and more. Racial profiling reaches to all parts of our modern society. In addressing the problem it is important to understand what may be the root of that problem. History does a wonderful job of showing us what leads up to a problem and at times what encompasses this problem. Throughout history man has enslaved those whom he conquered, this was accepted as normal when one tribe warred against another and lost. However, over time slavery became more of a business arrangement then a dispute resolution. In the United States and Great Britain slavery was accepted as a necessary factor in operating profitable business ventures. Eventually Great Britain out lawed slavery; however, until the Civil War the United States still had many slaves, both black and white. It was not until after the Civil War that the racial prejudices began to grow exponentially. Whereas before slaves (typically African Americans) were simply thought of as property, now these same slaves were to be accepted as equals this led to segregation laws throughout the South. Various laws were passed on a federal level that utilized a crude method of racial profiling with regards to marijuana usage which at the time of the Harrison Act was thought of as a black man’s drug and problem.... ous laws were passed on a federal level that utilized a crude method of racial profiling with regards to marijuana usage which at the time of the Harrison Act was thought of as a black man’s drug and problem. (Brecher) Following the Civil War in 1882, there were the approaches to the influx of Chinese laborers and the constant references to â€Å"yellow skin, slanted eyes and use of opiates† One approach in particular was the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, this act of congress barred additional immigration for a period of ten years, this act was followed by another extension of ten years and eventually it was made permanent. (Chinese Exclusion Act) Over the years there have been other advances in the use of racism and race based preferential treatment. Specifically there were actions taken against Japanese American citizens during World War II, as well as additional actions taken recently regarding Arab Americans and now the appeal to â€Å"Americanismâ €  and the use of prejudicial legislative attempts regarding Mexican Americans. Regardless of color of a person’s skin they are all still humans, and as members of the same race we should be striving together to surpass ourselves and conquer disease and energy related problems. It is important to first understand that this is wrong, the use of a person’s race against themselves is fundamentally wrong. Race while allowing the statistics driven data bases of the criminal justice system yet another point that can be used as a guide, is not by default a factor. In fact race is simply an aspect of the criminal and not a contributing factor as some who promote racial profiling would have you believe. In the current United States there has been much work done regarding the termination of the use of racial

International Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Marketing - Assignment Example Three aspects of McDonald’s global marketing management are discussed – the degree of standardization or adaptation of marketing mix, the globalization model employed, and the country of origin effect, of McDonald’s international operations. 1.0 Standardization or adaptation of McDonald’s marketing mix Critically analyse the extent that your chosen global brand’s marketing mix is standardised and/or adapted across international markets. Conclude by providing a 2-3 paragraph summary that discusses whether you consider this to be an appropriate strategy(s). Remember to support your answer. Product – McDonald’s continuously innovates its products in line with the changing tastes and preferences of its local market. An example is McDonald’s Indian market, where the customers are predominantly vegetarian. As a result of adaptation, the company removed some of its popular international offerings – ham, beef, and mutton burgers – from its menu, and instead offered a predominantly vegetarian menu. It does, however, offer Chicken Maharaja Mac, a recent concoction based on consumer taste. In Spain it has McMuffin con Huevo, and in Hawaii it has Kahuna Burger (Nation’s Restaurant News, 2005). Illustrated below is one of the localized products of McDonald’s, and a curiosity among Western customers used to the Big Mac. Below is shown the vegetarian burger specially developed for the Indian market, with the ingredients and taste custom designed to suit this growing market. Source: Bhartiya, et al., 2008, p. 22 Place – McDonald’s policy on place, specifically referring to distribution channels, is to have its product available to the customer at the right place, at the right time, and in the right quantity and quality. In the USA, nearly half of all customers are within a 3 minute drive to an outlet of McDonald’s. In the outlets, customers are offered McDonald’s â⠂¬Ëœvalue propositions’ – hygienic environment, pleasant ambience, specially programmed music, polite and prompt service. Certain areas are dedicated to children where an indoor playground is usually situated. More recently, internet wifi service has been provided. As far as place is concerned, McDonald’s maintains the same quality standard worldwide. Price – McDonald’s strategy of affording value pricing and bundling strategies are largely standardized, such as the happy meal, combo meal, and family meal, for which it offers discounted pricing. However, as to the price vis-a-vis meal portions, these are strategically adjusted to target the middle and lower income consumers. Promotion – McDonald’s promotional thrust is a combination of standardization and adaptation. Standardization is evident in the style, the message, and the use of the same mascots, particularly Ronald McDonald who has represented the company throughout the world s ince 1963. A market study determined that Ronald McDonald has the second highest name recall

Discuss the ways of platelets storage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discuss the ways of platelets storage - Essay Example The first and foremost step after the collection for separating platelets is to screen the blood for bacteria as well for other diseases which include hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV (Kaufman 2006). Also another step before the separation of platelets is to actually make all the preparations before the blood is drawn from the donor. This includes making all the necessary preparations so that the withdrawal procedure is made sterile from the point of blood drawing till the point of infusion to the patient (Tullis et al 1959). The blood is drawn from the patient in a container which contains ACD solution added to it. It is also ensured that blood is drawn in a clean method with no requirement for giving a second puncture as this is an important protocol of platelet collection that blood should be drawn from one puncture. This blood is circulated through a tube of plastic which is maintained at a temperature of 4 degrees centigrade. The blood flows in this chamber and the residue that is left flows into a separate pool and this residue is basically the plasma which is devoid of red and white blood cells and contain only platelets. This platelet containing plasma is then passed through another chamber such that 10 ml of the fluid flows in every one minute. The platelets flow into a collector where they are maintained at 250 x gravity.

Identifying the Strategies Adopted by Apple Literature review

Identifying the Strategies Adopted by Apple - Literature review Example Responding to the Foxconn controversy, the management of Apple attempted to consider certain measures so as to overcome the problems faced in its Chinese workshops in terms of Voluntary Auditing in the business level. It is in this context that auditing assisted Apple to measure the performance of the Chinese workshops, according to which the management was able to plan its future strategies towards the enhancement of its performances in the internal as well as in the external business environment (Cook, 2012).According to the facts documented in the article, the business level strategies considered by Apple can be identified as concentrated on attaining market development with the virtues of the market share gained by iPhones and iPads. In this regard, the management of Apple further believes it to be beneficial enough in promoting the products to the various emerging markets taking the advantage of the already attained market position. In the corporate level, with due consideration to the advantages of operating as an open-up company, the management has been identified to provide greater significance towards its responsiveness concerning market fluctuations and competition. Furthermore, at the functional level, the strategy of rendering greater emphasis on its operational issues have deliberately assisted Apple to have a track on the competitive environment of its targeted market, thereby yielding significant competitive advantages (Cook, 2012).A corporate level strategy can be defined as the measure considered by the higher level officers of an organization towards conducting its overall operations in a consistent way. From a generalized point of view, the strategies considered by organizations at the corporate level, are principally based on particular issues such as the flexibility of organizational processes concerning the attainment of growth as well as stability, industrial competitiveness and also towards the cultivation of capabilities amid the busine ss units and the product lines.The corporate level strategy, considered by the management can be further identified as its measure to develop with the virtues of success earned by the prior product-lines of iPhones and iPads. With the help of this corporate level strategy, Apple desires to continuously expand its functioning to support the launch of new products in the near future. With reference to the context it can be stated that the management wishes to introduce new products with exciting features in the market and also to promote the existing products.

Empire by purchase or rental, like the acquisition of property in a Research Paper

Empire by purchase or rental, like the acquisition of property in a Monopoly board game, remains a neglected but highly su - Research Paper Example Imperialism has existence since time immemorial taking different forms. In the ancient times, imperialism was in the form of one type of civilization or ethnicity having control of all then other around it. A good example is the Roman Empire. The earliest form of modern imperialism was in the form of colonial expansion overseas in the 14th to 19th century1. Countries in Europe were fighting over territories in Asia, the new world and Africa. The main aim of this form of imperialism was to be in control of trade and raw materials from its colonies thereby monopolizing the benefits from the transactions2. In the 19th century, there was a new form of imperialism which came with free trade. In this, countries would have control over others through diplomacy and economic agreement. Most formal empires came to an end after World War II. This did not last long but have been replaced by neocolonialism. This is the situation where the economic powerful countries such as the America have a lot of influence of third world countries. This article reviews the significance of empires, the motives behind empirial expansion and finally compares Alaska and Guantanamo. Significance of Empires Imperialism has had both positive and negative impact on the countries or people who were incorporated into the powerful states or nations depending on the form of imperialism. ... This ensured that the members of the weaker nations could now have better living standards, with reduced mortality compared to their earlier lives. However, Imperialism in the form of colonialism had several devastating impacts on the colonies. This I despite the fact that the mother countries invested in the development of these countries, their main focuses was in development of those areas related to the specific raw material that eh countries were interested in and not the others4. These developments did not therefore benefit these colonies but benefitted their master. In the end, this form of relationship ended up benefitting the mother colonies booting the development of these economies at their expense. A major significance of empires is that it results in the bringing together of people from different backgrounds. As a result, wealth from the different people and land is amassed and this creates an empire which now becomes more economically powerful5. This has been the case i n American which is made up of different states. Some of these states were bough for instance Alaska was bought from Russia. Because of this union of states and use of a common currency, America is today the most economically powerful nation in the world. Other important empires whose contribution has been significance to the world today are the British Empire which introduced the parliamentary democracy to countries around the world6. The Greek empire has had a lot of legacy in the present day society in terms of academic contribution, culture and art. The Roman Empire has also contributed to the development of the contemporary society7. Other empires whose impacts are felt today are the Muslim and Christian empire which dominates two thirds of

The best presents are those that cost the least Essay

The best presents are those that cost the least - Essay Example On the other hand, it has now become a social practice to give presents on birthdays, anniversaries, etc that is the reason that every other retail business is now putting efforts to showcase and sell a huge range of gifts. Such range of presents varies from baby toys to diamond necklaces, or in other words, shops offer gifts from a dollar to thousands of dollars. In such significance of presents, and especially in this era, people believe that expensive items can be the best presents to give to someone, or to acquire someone’s love and affection. Although gold and diamond have always remained a weakness of women, however, few people believe that sometimes, even a small greeting card can be the best present for someone rather than even a diamond ring. From a different perspective, people criticize that money cannot buy everything, especially love, and thus, feelings and emotions are the major factors that count more as compared with physical presents. Even from personal experiences, it is observation that sometimes a 1000-dollar present only brought temporary smiles, whereas, a handmade photo frame costing less than ten dollars made the whole day, and continued to bring smiles for rest of the life. In this regard, I believe that money does not matter when it comes to presents, but the feelings do. In other words, humans are emotional machines, and although these machines run after the notion of money and expensive things, however, during most times, emotional aspect of humans dominate the materialistic side that inclines individuals towards sentiments and feelings rather than cost of the present. Lastly, it will not be wrong to state that although expensive gifts can be attractive, exotic, and striking, but they usually result in temporary smiles and few moments of fun. On the other hand, real and best present can be something

McDonalds Essay Example for Free

McDonalds Essay McDonalds is the world’s largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants. McDonalds and its franchises operated more than 33,000 McDonald’s restaurants in 118 countries and serve 64 million customers each day. The company also operates other restaurant brands, such as Piles Cafe. McDonalds is the largest food service company in the world. In 2010, the annual total revenues are 24,075 millions. It is also one of biggest employers in the United States, with over 1. 7 million workers (our company). Only fifteen to twenty per cent of the restaurants are actually company-owned. The rest are franchises, run by 2,659 independent owners who pay a fee of between $400,000 and $700,000 for a franchise. McDonalds licensing department handles the fee structure on a case by case basis, and there are a wide variety of license fees determined by property and equipment costs. A skilled franchisee can earn a sex-figure income from a single restaurant; most own two or more restaurants (report). The following part will focus on the international factors affect on the McDonald’s company. International factor is an external environment. It refers to the characteristics of the environment that are particular to cross-border operations which included economic cycles, competitive and entrepreneurial cultures (book). McDonald’s is a large international company. It’s restaurant distributed around the world. Thus, there are many factors that McDonald’s need to consider. Such as how to meet different countries’ customers’ need. Because of different country’s customers have different culture, habit and different taste of food. The other one is how to gain competitive advantage form local restaurant. There are many fast food service companies in the world for example Burger King and KFC, especially Burger King. Burger King is also a big international company with lots of stores around the world. It’s a great competitor for the McDonald’s (Product positioning). One thing that McDonald’s do to meet customers’ need and gain competitive advantage is customization. Even though McDonald’s is centred on a core formula for its restaurants and food products, it has to have some customization to meet different country’s customers’ need. For instance, alcohol is only available in McDonald’s restaurants in some countries but not in others. Basic on different country’s culture and eating habits, McDonald’s also developed different types of burger to serves different country’s customers. Such as The Teriyaki McBurger, a sausage patty on a bun with teriyaki sauce, sold in Japan (Global and transnational business: strategy and management. George Stonehouse, David Campbell). McDonald’s also uses high quality of food and service to catch customers and gain competitive advantage. As Jim Skinner, Vice Chairman and CEO of McDonald’s, said, â€Å"running better restaurants is McDonald’s number one priority. We will improve operation excellence around the world through new technology, better training, and service enhancements† (report). Training is an important tool for companies to achieve satisfaction and sustaining competitive advantage. Employee training at McDonalds is highly structured. New workers are first taken through the basic Crew Training System. Which is an on-the job- training and is largely vocational. After this process, workers will enter into a new training program, with the skills becoming more complex and generalized. The second level of training begins with a one-hour orientation on the company. Workers will watch a video and read step by step manuals at training room. The video and manuals included every detail of the operation such as how to make burgers, shake. Each restaurant has its own training room. Trainers use a series of checklists, Station Observation Checklist to evaluate new crew members’ performance. For a crew member, the training is over. But once a crew has been promoted to swing manager, he or she will continue to receive training which called management development program. It included teaching technical and functional management skill for employees at the swing manager level. There are four steps in this program. First one is Basic operations Course which covers fundamental restaurant openings. The next is Basic Management Curse which teaches leaderships, time planning, and crew recognition. Then is operations Course, students are trained on crew recruitment and retention, store leadership and decision-making. The last part in this process is Regional Equipment Course. Once employees finished this training and become assistant managed, he or she is eligible to get into Hamburger University, the company’s world wide training center for management personnel. About 2,500 managers and potential franchisees studied here. The course included enhancing communication, interpersonal and human relations skills. All McDonald’s managers are required to receive training from Hamburger University at least once every 5 years to enhance their skills. Training is seen as a core aspect in McDonald’s daily operations. Because of training is one of the important means to achieve standardization. By training employees, company can gain lots of advantages. It can increase company’s productivity, reduce staff turnover and improve service quality (). Each and every one of these customers deserved great services from the moment they approach the counter or drive-thru window until they leave the restaurants. We depend on the employees in the restaurant, whether employed by independent franchises or by McDonalds Corporation, to provide a fast friendly and courteous experience to all guests so they will visit us again and again. Thats why McDonalds Independent Franchisees and McDonalds Corporation look for individuals who like to have fun while delivering fast accurate and friendly service. If you are interested in becoming a part of a McDonalds Team, here are some of the duties that could be required of you: 1. On Time, Neat and Clean: Our crewmembers are expected to report work on time, neat and clean. 2. Wash Your Hands: the most important thing crewmembers so to help make sure our customers receive safe food is to wash their hands often.  3.  Skills and Training: Training will provide you with the skills you will need to perform your job. 4. Standards: Crewmembers follow standard operational procedures so customers always receive exceptional quality service. 5. Teamwork: Our crewmembers rely on teamwork and high energy to get the job done. 6. Clean Spotless Tidy sparking. Our customers expect every McDonalds will be clean. 7. Welcomed Guest: Our crewmembers make each customer feel like a welcomed guest. 8. Service: We depend on our crewmembers to deliver fast, accurate and friendly service with a smile.

“A Visit of Charity” by Eudora Welty Essay Example for Free

â€Å"A Visit of Charity† by Eudora Welty Essay Is Eudora Welty successful in showing how human beings can be more interested in their own personal gains than the needs of others? Marian didn’t really want to visit the home for the elderly but she is a Campfire Girl and by taking out the time to go, she will gain points for offering her time to charity work. A gift of flowers was something that Marian brought to the home in order to make her visit look more genuine, but the apple that she brought; she hid outside so that none would think it was also a gift. There was no special person that she wanted to visit, she only wanted to do the job that she came for, earn her point and leave. She wears her Campfire Girls cap to show who she is and she is very afraid to be around a bunch of older people that she has never met, before, but the added point means so much to her that she is willing to visit this strange home. She is more interested in what she can gain from this visit than what she can offer to others. Addie wasn’t thrilled by Marian’s visit. She was a cranky old lady who didn’t even like her roommate and couldn’t stand to hear her talk about a bunch of nothing, all the time. Marian had pretty, yellow hair which she wore a white cap over and she dressed in her red coat as she observed the two women in the nursing home. She had a job to perform and so much to do in her life as she watched the two ladies who had nothing but each other. (Welty, 1980) In â€Å"A Visit of Charity†, Eudora Welty uses Marian as a character who acts in ways that many of us do at certain times in our lives, in performing deeds that are solely for ourselves, and sometimes we forget about the feelings of others. Welty demonstrates in this story that we need to not only try to work toward our own goals but at the same time, we need to consider the thoughts and emotions of others who are less fortunate. Marian is the girl who Welty chose to show that people, especially young individuals, sometimes forget about more important things as we search for awards and points that make us look and feel better about ourselves. To truly feel better about ourselves, we must consider the feelings of others and then we gain the biggest reward of all; knowing that we made someone else’s day a little brighter and more fulfilling. Marian still had many lessons to learn, in life about human kindness, and as she takes a big bite out of the apple, she shows that she had been more interested in her own personal gain in this visit. The author made you think about others in her writing. Eudora Welty clearly showed the selfishness that one can see in Marian’s visit to the nursing home and how she had so much to learn about the true meaning of sharing and giving of yourself in helping others who are less fortunate. I believe that Eudora Welty clearly showed that human beings are sometimes very capable of seeking out their own personal gain in life and are highly capable of not considering the feelings of others, as we do. Reference Page Welty, Marian. (1980) â€Å"A Visit of Charity†. Library of America.

The Ageing Population in Mauritius

The Ageing Population in Mauritius Discussions Impact of aging population in Mauritius The first objective of this study aims to provide a thorough understanding of the actual impacts of aging population in Mauritius. Since old people retire from their jobs, the incomes they generate are reduced and thus they have to rely on pensions or insurances. Consequently, the aging population is very often faced with income security and poverty. Among the 80 questionnaires that were distributed, there were 18.5% of the respondents were above 65 years. This was a very significant number and was the second larger percentage after the age group of 20-35 years. Moreover, the Mauritius Statistics forecasts that 20% of the Mauritian population will be above 65 years by 2025. One of the main impacts of an aging population is that it increases the dependency ratio. There are relatively more people claiming pension benefits and less people working to pay taxes. With the ever-growing aging population in Mauritius, it is probable that this will cause problems in the future. Though 14.8% of the respondents still live with their grand-parents and 12.3% of them still help their grand-parents financially, the dependency on the pension benefits do not seem to decrease. Another impact is the increased Government spending on health care and pensions. In UK, the old age pension is currently  £113.10 per pensioners per week (Population Ageing Statistics, Rutherford) as compared to Mauritius, where the pension fund is Rs5, 000 per pensioners per month. Since the percentage of old age is said to increase to up to 25% by 2025, the Government spending will increase even more. Presently, the budget for old age health problems amounts to approximately Rs9.7 billion per year and with a promising and significant growth in the number of old people in the future, Mauritius is likely to face serious budget issues. As such, as demonstrated in table 4.5 in the previous chapter, 56.8% people have that working people should pay a token for the elders’ medical services. This gesture can remove a huge burden from the Government expenditure since people are not prepared to remove old age pension funds even if an alternative, such as building homes for the elder ly with all their required needs, is given to the old people as shown by the majority of people who voted ‘No’ to the suggestion. Moreover, an aging population directs to a shortage of workers in a country. Since the old people retire and live on pension, and there are lesser number of new-borns to eventually work to pay taxes, the country faces a lack of workers. Mauritius is not far behind from a shortage of workers. In this effect, 48.1% of the respondents thought that encouraging Mauritians to reproduce will solve the problem whereas 50.6% of them thought it would be better to hire immigrants to work here. Furthermore, since Mauritius will be putting a higher percentage of income into pension funds in the future, due to the increasing amount of old people, it could reduce the amount of savings available for more productive investments. Thus, leading to lower rates of economic growth. Impact of security budget on aging population The second objective emphasizes on the impact of security budget on aging population. With greater number of old people, comes greater expenses in terms of security. As of now, the Government is spending approximately Rs27.1 billion on social security solely in the year 2015 and as per our research conducted by the questionnaire, 38.3% people feel concern about this amount of expenditure only on social security. 76.5% of the respondents agreed that the well-off should be cut off from pension facilities. This is a considerable idea because the Government is spending way too much money on old people and getting nothing-in terms of finance-in return. Though many people (approximately 75.3% of the respondents) thought that the newly elected Government was right to increase old age pension from Rs3, 600 to R5, 000 in December 2014, a significant percentage (61.7) agreed that it was merely a political technique to gain votes. This increase in the pension fund has resulted in an increase of over 50% in the Government expenditure as compared in 2014. Over 186, 000 people benefit from the universal pension. The National Monetary Fund (IMF) has already sounded the alarm about the aging population of Mauritius that could jeopardize the national pension fund. The financial institution recommends an urgent review of the payment of this social benefit formula. As concluded by a Working Paper of the IMF entitled Pension Reforms in Mauritius; Fair and Fast Balancing Social Protection and Fiscal Sustainability, Mauritius’ old age pension situation is considered unsustainable in the long term. While now it amounts to 5% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), funding for different pension schemes should reach 11% in 45 years. The aging population is putting strong pressure on public finances. The number of people over 60 years will be 50% in 2050, whereas they represented 13% of the population in 2013. The result of expenditures on pension benefits, especially the non-contributory pension scheme will be exacerbated (Takoor, Petri, and Martin). If major reforms are not undertaken, the pension funds could cause a shortfall and could eventually be liability for the state especially when 79.0% of the respondents said they are not ready to further sustain the social security financially, besides their contributions in VAT and NPF. Problems faced because of gender in an aging population According to a study made by the UN organisation, women make up a significantly larger share of the older population. This is because women tend to live longer than men and thus rendering them more dependent on health care facilities and pensions schemes provided by their country. In 2014, Mundi calculated the ratio of females to males above 65 years old to be 66, 643: 45, 145 of the total population. The elderly dependency ratio was calculated to be 12.8%. Also, the UN found that older women experience some of the lowest literacy rates in the world. Average levels of illiteracy for women aged 65 or over are as high as 78% in Africa and 53% in Asia, compared to 58% and 29% respectively for men in these regions. This seriously impacts on the lives of the older women, preventing them from accessing health services, securing incomes, and moving out of poverty. Moreover, the fact that women’s life expectancy is greater than men’s means that health problems that increase with age, such as disability, affect a greater number of women worldwide. It is anticipated that the overall prevalence and severity of disability among older women will continue to increase, in line with the growing aging population and the higher proportion of women in the old age groups. For example, older women are more likely to suffer from blindness than older men, especially in low-income countries where 44% of cases are caused by cataracts. The greater the number of older women, the greater is the dependency on health care services. Furthermore, despite increased awareness of abuse, discrimination, and violence against women, concerns over the situation of older women have largely been ignored. Data on violence against women over the age of 60 is severely limited and research focusing on abuse of older women tends to be confined to developed countries and based on small sample sizes. Impact of sustainability on the level of protection of the old age The challenge for the future is â€Å"to ensure that people everywhere can grow old with security and dignity and that they can continue to participate in social life as citizens with full rights†. At the same time â€Å"the rights of old people should not be incompatible with those of other groups, and reciprocal intergenerational relations should be encouraged.†(United Nations, World Population Ageing 1950-2050, Population Division) Social protection of the old age approach has addressed the multiple interlinked global challenges of poverty eradication, environmental sustainability, and economic equity, and gender equality, equitable distribution of resources, human rights, and inequality. In Mauritius, though about 50% of old people do not take public transport, the latter is still free for people above 60 years old. However, about 21.0% find that this system should be abolished. Basic income security for people in old age is considered as necessary to avoid poverty among the old age. However, approximately 49.4% of Mauritians find that Rs5, 000 is a risk factor to the life of the elders. This amount of money is considered to be too much and can put the life of the elders at stake. Conclusion This chapter has discussed the various objectives of the research work together with the data that was obtained and calculated in the previous chapter, data analysis. As shown, some data obtained were in line with the objectives of this study. The next chapter will talk about the proposed recommendations. Recommendations and Conclusion Introduction In this chapter we will propose a list of recommendations of how the impacts of aging population can be minimised. We will also recommend ways in which the security budget can be controlled, how gender equality and equity can be ensured, and how to ensure a sustainability in the aging population of Mauritius. Housing for seniors: Elder friendly housing Specific measures can be taken to facilitate the development of retirement housing by the private sector, in particular, varying the length of land leases to lower land costs, to facilitate elders’ needs in terms of housing. Also, through a review of the Code on Barrier-Free Accessibility, the Government can consider introducing guidelines for the provision of accessibility and safety features in the homes for the elder people so that they have a more elder-friendly environment to live in. in this way, the elders will more likely have a healthy lifestyle and thus lessening the health expenditure for the Government. Stretching the workforce and working hours The participation rates of women and elderly people in the workforce should be increased to ensure more contribution is being brought economically to Mauritius. According to the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 49% of the people aged between 60 to 64 years old in USA are still gainfully employed. There are many ways in which a higher participation of the ‘young’ seniors (aged between 60 and 65) can be achieved. Among them, the most important are to correct the inducement of early retirement, reduce the period of entitlement to unemployment benefits, and eliminate high severance payment, extensive job dismissal protection as well as seniority principles. Also, by implementing new child-minding arrangements and more creative working time models and speeding up organisational reforms, the participation of women within the workforce can be increased. Additionally, the annual working and/or average weekly times can also be increased such that fewer workers have to work for more hours in order to compensate for a negative demographic effect on potential growth. Thus, a higher share of women will be put in the workforce and a greater number of part-time jobs will be switched to full-time positions. It will also require an increase in collectively agreed weekly working times. Migration Immigration can help to slow down the process of aging and shrinking of the population and mitigate its negative economic consequences. The younger, more flexible and better qualified the population, the more favourable the outcome will be. Mauritius should promote migration and set suitable migration policies where the policies do not only stop at identifying suitable immigrants but also help them integrate well into the society. It is also very important for Mauritius to promote harmonious race relations-which is not very difficult, considering the fact that we are ourselves a multi-racial nation. Better use of existing resources and adoption of new technologies. We can help people to stay active, healthy and autonomous by building age-friendly cities and â€Å"smart homes† that deploy a range of monitoring and supportive devices to help older people manage life more effectively. We can re-engineer health systems to focus on disease prevention and early screening, rather than on expensive intervention. With these measures, we will contribute to creating better quality lives for older people: lives that are also inclusive and sustainable. Preventing falls strategies Given the magnitude of this public health problem, policymakers should elevate falls prevention as a priority and support policies and programs that aim to reduce risk factors among older adult populations. This may be accomplished in multiple ways. For instance, increased funding may be provided to Area Agencies on aging for broader implementation of community-based falls prevention programs. Certain falls prevention strategies, such as home safety assessments, could also be integrated into existing senior outreach services and programs, such as Meals on Wheels. Enhance opportunities for physical activities among older adults It is recommended that policymakers enhance the opportunities for physical activity among the elders. Especially, they should implement policies and targeted strategies that support active living for seniors. This involves identifying and addressing the barriers that currently prevent seniors from participating in physical activities, ramping up education and outreach efforts, and promoting community-based programs that incorporate strength, endurance, balance, flexibility training programs. Some communities for elders offer other social benefits, such as peer interaction and support. This should be put into practice by all the communities for the elderly. Additionally, policymakers should support a broad continuum of programs, ranging from low to high intensity levels, available to people of all abilities, cultures, and ethnic backgrounds. 6.7 Additional benefits for additional years worked Some countries offer financial incentives to workers who keep on working even though they have reached their retirement age. Normally, the incentives are calculated on the basis of contribution period, for example, an additional day, month, quarter, or year worked after the retirement age. They can come be in the form of a single bonus payment or a percentage increase in the final pension. If Mauritius were to adopt this system, it will ensure more people working and thus more people paying the taxes. Encourage employers to retain and recruit older workers The Government should encourage employers to retain and recruit older workers. One way in which this can be achieved is for the Government to directly contribute to the consts of employing older workers (Gineste, 2012). Reducing unemployment benefits for older people Reducing unemployment benefits and lowering pensions could be an incentive to work longer. If the elders have lower pensions and reduced unemployment benefits, they will be more keen to work for longer periods of time so that they achieve a more satisfying and comfortable lifestyle for the time when they are not able to work at all. 6.10 Conclusion This research work has tried to highlight the impacts of the aging population and appraise what is being done the Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity, and Reform Institutions to bring about a sustainable development in the aging population of Mauritius. With the decrease in fertility and mortality rates, life expectancy at birth has increased drastically. And despite this rapid aging population, it can be said that the Government, along with the concerned institutions, are striving to keep the population an economically productive and healthy one. To conclude we have also tried to formulate some suggestions which can be implemented in order to ensure that the aging population process stays in control and that Mauritius does not suffer or at least suffers the minimum impact of such a population.